Vocabularies
i) knowing in advance what is going to happen
ii) too much of anything; a person or situation that is too dominating
iii) speaking or acting in a forceful way so that people notice you
iv) behaving in an insistent and forceful way without caring about other
people
v) somebody who has very distinct opinions and puts them across
aggressively
vi) very busy
vii) questioned
viii)another chance
ANSWERS
i) predictability
ii) overwhelming
iii) assertive
iv) aggression
v) opinionated
vi) hectic
vii) interrogated
viii) do-over
1) Use the following words in sentences so as to bring out their meaning.
i) convey
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ii) transmit
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iii) assess
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iv) self-assured
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v) prone
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vi) indicate
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vii) inadvertently
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viii) mutual
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ix) updated
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x) issues
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i) Convey
- The professor used simple diagrams to convey complex scientific concepts to the students.
- She to conveyed her feelings of gratitude to her mentor.
ii) Transmit (transfer)
- The satellite can transmit data across vast distances in a matter of seconds.
- It’s important to wash your hands regularly to prevent the spread of germs that can transmit diseases.
iii) Assess
- Before making any decisions, it is crucial to assess the potential risks and benefits.
- The teacher will assess each student's progress at the end of the semester.
iv) Self-assured
- His self-assured demeanor during the presentation impressed the board of directors.
- Despite the challenges, she remained self-assured and confident in her abilities.
v) Prone
- Athletes are more prone to injuries if they do not properly warm up before exercising.
- This is an accident prone area
vi) Indicate
- The data indicate a significant improvement in the company’s sales performance this quarter.
- His smile seemed to indicate that he was pleased with the results.
vii) Inadvertently (accidentally)
- She inadvertently left her phone at the café, causing a minor panic when she realized it was missing.
- He inadvertently sent the email to the wrong person and it created some confusions.
viii) Mutual
- They have a mutual respect for each other’s work, which makes their collaboration successful.
- The agreement was beneficial to both parties and was based on mutual trust and understanding.
ix) Updated
- The software needs to be updated regularly to ensure it remains secure and efficient.
- She updated her resume to include her most recent job experience before applying for the new position.
x) Issues
- The company is working to resolve the issues that have caused delays in product delivery.
- They discussed several critical issues during the meeting, including budget constraints and project timelines.
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words in the box.
Motor, queue, captain, carpet, pocket, pilot, floor, butter, bud, shoulder
i) I want my room ..................................... .
ii) We ............................ down to Lucknow.
iii) He ..................................... the plane in a skilful manner.
iv) Who will ............................... the team?
v) We ............................ up for the tickets.
vi) After his father’s death, he ......................... all the responsibilities.
vii) Let me ................................. the toast.
viii) Plants .............................. in spring.
ix) He ........................... all the money and left.
x) His last question completely .......................... me.
ANSWERS
i) I want my room carpeted.
ii) We motored down to Lucknow.
iii) He piloted the plane in a skillful manner.
iv) Who will captain the team?
v) We queued up for the tickets.
vi) After his father’s death, he shouldered all the responsibilities.
vii) Let me butter the toast.
viii) Plants bud in spring.
ix) He pocketed all the money and left.
x) His last question completely floored me.
Functions of Modal auxiliary verbs
1. Expressing Ability
- Can: Used to express ability.
- Example: She can speak three languages.
- Could: Used to express past ability or polite requests.
- Example: When I was a child, I could swim very well.
2. Expressing Possibility or Probability
- May: Indicates possibility or permission.
- Example: It may rain tomorrow.
- Might: Indicates a lesser degree of possibility.
- Example: He might come to the party.
- Could: Indicates possibility or past ability.
- Example: This plan could work.
3. Expressing Permission
- May: Used to give or ask for permission.
- Example: may I leave the office.
- Can: Used informally to ask for permission.
- Example: Can I use your phone?
- Might: Sometimes used for polite permission.
- Example: Might I suggest an alternative?
4. Expressing Obligation or Necessity
- Must: Indicates strong obligation or necessity.
- Example: You must wear a seatbelt.
- Should: Suggests obligation, advice, or duty.
- Example: You should see a doctor if you're feeling ill.
- Ought to: Indicates moral obligation or advice.
- Example: We ought to help those in need.
5. Expressing Prohibition
- Must not (mustn't): Indicates prohibition.
- Example: You must not smoke here.
- Cannot (can't): Indicates that something is not allowed.
- Example: You can't park here.
6. Expressing Requests or Offers
- Can: Used for informal requests.
- Example: Can you help me with this?
- Could: Used for polite requests.
- Example: Could you please pass the salt?
- Would: Used for polite offers or requests.
- Example: Would you like some coffee?
7. Expressing Future Intentions or Predictions
- Will: Indicates future actions or predictions.
- Example: I will call you tomorrow.
- Shall: Often used in formal contexts to indicate future actions.
- Example: We shall overcome these challenges.
Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using the words given below:
Should, shouldn’t, have to/has to, don’t have to, must, mustn’t, need(s)
i) Although you ____________ make a portfolio to apply for a job, it
helps to represent your skills and capabilities better.
ii) You ____________ send/mail your portfolio to the organization, but
take it with you to the interview.
iii) One ____________ preserve and file all records and proofs of
achievement in all fields in order to create an impressive portfolio.
iv) The first document in the portfolio ____________ be the resume.
v) The candidate ____________ to make adjustments in the portfolio
for each position sought.
vi) One ____________ try to dress up the portfolio with unnecessary frills
to make it look impressive. It ____________ look professional.
vii) It ____________ be put in a three-ring binder as this allows you to
add or subtract documents when needed.
Answers
i) Although you don’t have to make a portfolio to apply for a job, it
helps to represent your skills and capabilities better.
ii) You shouldn’t send/mail your portfolio to the organization, but take
it with you to the interview.
iii) One should/must preserve and file all records and proofs of
achievement in all fields in order to create an impressive portfolio.
iv) The first document in the portfolio must be the resume.
v) The candidate needs to make adjustments in the portfolio for each
position sought.
vi) One shouldn’t/mustn’t try to dress up the portfolio with unnecessary
frills to make it look impressive. It should look professional.
vii) It should be put in a three-ring binder as this allows you to add or
subtract documents when needed.
Choose the correct phrase/word(s) in italics to complete each sentence:
i) Applicant must/need include the names of two referees.
ii) You needn’t/mustn’t stay back late -we have cancelled the meeting.
iii) You needn’t/mustn’t send that reminder to Khalid and Sons -they paid
their dues this morning.
iv) Airline pilots should/ have to have excellent eyesight.
v) You should/must save the file before you turn the computer off, or you
will lose it.
vi) Employees are reminded that they mustn’t/needn’t use the office phone
to make personal calls.
vii) You mustn’t/don’t have to come to the meeting if you have more
important things to do.
viii) University teachers must/should be graduates in their respective areas.
ix) They should/must have a PhD if possible.
x) They need/should have several publications in referred journals.
Answers
i) must
ii) needn’t
iii) needn’t
iv) have to
v) must
vi) mustn’t
vii) don’t have to
viii) must
ix) should
x) should
Here
are some verbs to help you talk about your responsibilities and experiences.
implement, analyze, document, arrange, upgrade, assist, conduct, consult,
develop, facilitate, support, construct, justify, delegate, act, recommend, edit,
collaborate, work.
Use the appropriate form of these verbs to complete the sentences below:
i) I _____ as an assistant to the director of our theatre troupe.
ii) We got together and_______ a new model for the science festival.
iii) Many juniors have_______ me about their physics projects.
iv) We were taught to ________our questions carefully.
v) I was in charge of ________the freshers party.
vi) I_________ the sports coach.
vii) I believe teamwork means________ productively.
viii) We___________ a survey on students using mobiles.
ix) Successful projects work through proper ____________.
x) All my projects have been___________ in the portfolio.
xi) I ____________ a new application for this software.
xii) I ________the college magazine this year.
xiii) Training_________ progress, it allows us to improve our work.
xiv) Plans need to be________, not just designed.
xv) My claims are_____________ by my work during the apprenticeship.
xvi) I like to learn new skills, to keep on ___________ the old ones.
xvii) We must __________ our beliefs with actions, in other words do what we
say.
xviii) I’ve never had African cuisine before. What would you_________ ordering?
Answers
1) i) worked
ii) constructed
iii) consulted
iv) analyse
v) arranging
vi) assisted
vii) collaborating
viii) conducted
ix) delegation
x) documented
xi) developed
xii) edited
xiii) facilitates
xiv) implemented
xv) supported
xvi) upgrading
xvii) justify
xviii) recommend
Tenses and its functions
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